Data Frame Manipulation with tidyr

最終更新日：2024-10-12 | ページの編集

所要時間： 45分

概要

質問

How can I change the layout of a data frame?

目的

To understand the concepts of ‘longer’ and ‘wider’ data frame formats and be able to convert between them with tidyr.

研究者には「横長」データを「縦長」データに（又はその逆を）したいと思うことがよくあります。「縦長」形式とは：

各列が変数
各行が観測値

「縦長」形式では、普通、観測値は１列で、残りの列はIDの変数になります。

For the ‘wide’ format each row is often a site/subject/patient and you have multiple observation variables containing the same type of data. These can be either repeated observations over time, or observation of multiple variables (or a mix of both). You may find data input may be simpler or some other applications may prefer the ‘wide’ format. However, many of R‘s functions have been designed assuming you have ’longer’ formatted data. This tutorial will help you efficiently transform your data shape regardless of original format.

Diagram illustrating the difference between a wide versus long layout of a data frame

Long and wide data frame layouts mainly affect readability. For humans, the wide format is often more intuitive since we can often see more of the data on the screen due to its shape. However, the long format is more machine readable and is closer to the formatting of databases. The ID variables in our data frames are similar to the fields in a database and observed variables are like the database values.

手始めに

まず、パッケージをインストールしましょう、もしまだやっていなければですが（おそらく、前の dplyr のレッスンで、インストールしているかと思います）：

R

#install.packages("tidyr")
#install.packages("dplyr")

パーッケージをロードしましょう。

R

library("tidyr")
library("dplyr")

始めに、そもそもの gapminder データフレームのデータ構造を見てみましょう：

R

str(gapminder)

出力

'data.frame':	1704 obs. of  6 variables:
 $ country  : chr  "Afghanistan" "Afghanistan" "Afghanistan" "Afghanistan" ...
 $ year     : int  1952 1957 1962 1967 1972 1977 1982 1987 1992 1997 ...
 $ pop      : num  8425333 9240934 10267083 11537966 13079460 ...
 $ continent: chr  "Asia" "Asia" "Asia" "Asia" ...
 $ lifeExp  : num  28.8 30.3 32 34 36.1 ...
 $ gdpPercap: num  779 821 853 836 740 ...

チャレンジ１

gapminder は、横長のみ、縦長のみ、又はその中間の形式でしょうか。

チャレンジ３の解答

チャレンジ１の解答元々の gapminder data.frame は、中間の形式です。複数の観測変数（pop,lifeExp,gdpPercap）があるため、縦長のみのデータとは言えません。

Sometimes, as with the gapminder dataset, we have multiple types of observed data. It is somewhere in between the purely ‘long’ and ‘wide’ data formats. We have 3 “ID variables” (continent, country, year) and 3 “Observation variables” (pop,lifeExp,gdpPercap). This intermediate format can be preferred despite not having ALL observations in 1 column given that all 3 observation variables have different units. There are few operations that would need us to make this data frame any longer (i.e. 4 ID variables and 1 Observation variable).

While using many of the functions in R, which are often vector based, you usually do not want to do mathematical operations on values with different units. For example, using the purely long format, a single mean for all of the values of population, life expectancy, and GDP would not be meaningful since it would return the mean of values with 3 incompatible units. The solution is that we first manipulate the data either by grouping (see the lesson on dplyr), or we change the structure of the data frame. Note: Some plotting functions in R actually work better in the wide format data.

gather() を使って、横長から縦長形式へ

Until now, we’ve been using the nicely formatted original gapminder dataset, but ‘real’ data (i.e. our own research data) will never be so well organized. Here let’s start with the wide formatted version of the gapminder dataset.

Download the wide version of the gapminder data from this link to a csv file and save it in your data folder.

We’ll load the data file and look at it. データファイルをロードして見てみましょう。注：大陸と国の列は、因子型にはしたくありません。そこで、そうならないように、read.csv()に stringsAsFactors 引数を使いましょう。

R

gap_wide <- read.csv("data/gapminder_wide.csv", stringsAsFactors = FALSE)
str(gap_wide)

出力

'data.frame':	142 obs. of  38 variables:
 $ continent     : chr  "Africa" "Africa" "Africa" "Africa" ...
 $ country       : chr  "Algeria" "Angola" "Benin" "Botswana" ...
 $ gdpPercap_1952: num  2449 3521 1063 851 543 ...
 $ gdpPercap_1957: num  3014 3828 960 918 617 ...
 $ gdpPercap_1962: num  2551 4269 949 984 723 ...
 $ gdpPercap_1967: num  3247 5523 1036 1215 795 ...
 $ gdpPercap_1972: num  4183 5473 1086 2264 855 ...
 $ gdpPercap_1977: num  4910 3009 1029 3215 743 ...
 $ gdpPercap_1982: num  5745 2757 1278 4551 807 ...
 $ gdpPercap_1987: num  5681 2430 1226 6206 912 ...
 $ gdpPercap_1992: num  5023 2628 1191 7954 932 ...
 $ gdpPercap_1997: num  4797 2277 1233 8647 946 ...
 $ gdpPercap_2002: num  5288 2773 1373 11004 1038 ...
 $ gdpPercap_2007: num  6223 4797 1441 12570 1217 ...
 $ lifeExp_1952  : num  43.1 30 38.2 47.6 32 ...
 $ lifeExp_1957  : num  45.7 32 40.4 49.6 34.9 ...
 $ lifeExp_1962  : num  48.3 34 42.6 51.5 37.8 ...
 $ lifeExp_1967  : num  51.4 36 44.9 53.3 40.7 ...
 $ lifeExp_1972  : num  54.5 37.9 47 56 43.6 ...
 $ lifeExp_1977  : num  58 39.5 49.2 59.3 46.1 ...
 $ lifeExp_1982  : num  61.4 39.9 50.9 61.5 48.1 ...
 $ lifeExp_1987  : num  65.8 39.9 52.3 63.6 49.6 ...
 $ lifeExp_1992  : num  67.7 40.6 53.9 62.7 50.3 ...
 $ lifeExp_1997  : num  69.2 41 54.8 52.6 50.3 ...
 $ lifeExp_2002  : num  71 41 54.4 46.6 50.6 ...
 $ lifeExp_2007  : num  72.3 42.7 56.7 50.7 52.3 ...
 $ pop_1952      : num  9279525 4232095 1738315 442308 4469979 ...
 $ pop_1957      : num  10270856 4561361 1925173 474639 4713416 ...
 $ pop_1962      : num  11000948 4826015 2151895 512764 4919632 ...
 $ pop_1967      : num  12760499 5247469 2427334 553541 5127935 ...
 $ pop_1972      : num  14760787 5894858 2761407 619351 5433886 ...
 $ pop_1977      : num  17152804 6162675 3168267 781472 5889574 ...
 $ pop_1982      : num  20033753 7016384 3641603 970347 6634596 ...
 $ pop_1987      : num  23254956 7874230 4243788 1151184 7586551 ...
 $ pop_1992      : num  26298373 8735988 4981671 1342614 8878303 ...
 $ pop_1997      : num  29072015 9875024 6066080 1536536 10352843 ...
 $ pop_2002      : int  31287142 10866106 7026113 1630347 12251209 7021078 15929988 4048013 8835739 614382 ...
 $ pop_2007      : int  33333216 12420476 8078314 1639131 14326203 8390505 17696293 4369038 10238807 710960 ...

Diagram illustrating the wide format of the gapminder data frame

To change this very wide data frame layout back to our nice, intermediate (or longer) layout, we will use one of the two available pivot functions from the tidyr package. To convert from wide to a longer format, we will use the pivot_longer() function. pivot_longer() makes datasets longer by increasing the number of rows and decreasing the number of columns, or ‘lengthening’ your observation variables into a single variable.

Diagram illustrating how pivot longer reorganizes a data frame from a wide to long format

R

gap_long <- gap_wide %>%
  pivot_longer(
    cols = c(starts_with('pop'), starts_with('lifeExp'), starts_with('gdpPercap')),
    names_to = "obstype_year", values_to = "obs_values"
  )
str(gap_long)

出力

tibble [5,112 × 4] (S3: tbl_df/tbl/data.frame)
 $ continent   : chr [1:5112] "Africa" "Africa" "Africa" "Africa" ...
 $ country     : chr [1:5112] "Algeria" "Algeria" "Algeria" "Algeria" ...
 $ obstype_year: chr [1:5112] "pop_1952" "pop_1957" "pop_1962" "pop_1967" ...
 $ obs_values  : num [1:5112] 9279525 10270856 11000948 12760499 14760787 ...

ここでは、以前 dplyr のレッスンの中で行ったようなパイプの書き方を使いました。実は、tidyr と dplyr 関数は互換性があり、パイプで繋ぐことで、一緒に使うことができるのです。

We first provide to pivot_longer() a vector of column names that will be pivoted into longer format. We could type out all the observation variables, but as in the select() function (see dplyr lesson), we can use the starts_with() argument to select all variables that start with the desired character string. pivot_longer() also allows the alternative syntax of using the - symbol to identify which variables are not to be pivoted (i.e. ID variables).

The next arguments to pivot_longer() are names_to for naming the column that will contain the new ID variable (obstype_year) and values_to for naming the new amalgamated observation variable (obs_value). We supply these new column names as strings.

Diagram illustrating the long format of the gapminder data

R

gap_long <- gap_wide %>%
  pivot_longer(
    cols = c(-continent, -country),
    names_to = "obstype_year", values_to = "obs_values"
  )
str(gap_long)

出力

tibble [5,112 × 4] (S3: tbl_df/tbl/data.frame)
 $ continent   : chr [1:5112] "Africa" "Africa" "Africa" "Africa" ...
 $ country     : chr [1:5112] "Algeria" "Algeria" "Algeria" "Algeria" ...
 $ obstype_year: chr [1:5112] "gdpPercap_1952" "gdpPercap_1957" "gdpPercap_1962" "gdpPercap_1967" ...
 $ obs_values  : num [1:5112] 2449 3014 2551 3247 4183 ...

これは、このデータフレームでは、取るに足らないことかもしれませんが、１つの ID 変数と40の変則的な変数名を持つ観測変数がある場合も時にはあります。柔軟性があることで、かなり時間が節約できるのです！

Now obstype_year actually contains 2 pieces of information, the observation type (pop,lifeExp, or gdpPercap) and the year. We can use the separate() function to split the character strings into multiple variables

R

gap_long <- gap_long %>% separate(obstype_year, into = c('obs_type', 'year'), sep = "_")
gap_long$year <- as.integer(gap_long$year)

チャレンジ２

Using gap_long, calculate the mean life expectancy, population, and gdpPercap for each continent. Hint: use the group_by() and summarize() functions we learned in the dplyr lesson

チャレンジ３の解答

R

gap_long %>% group_by(continent, obs_type) %>%
   summarize(means=mean(obs_values))

出力

`summarise()` has grouped output by 'continent'. You can override using the
`.groups` argument.

出力

# A tibble: 15 × 3
# Groups:   continent [5]
   continent obs_type       means
   <chr>     <chr>          <dbl>
 1 Africa    gdpPercap     2194.
 2 Africa    lifeExp         48.9
 3 Africa    pop        9916003.
 4 Americas  gdpPercap     7136.
 5 Americas  lifeExp         64.7
 6 Americas  pop       24504795.
 7 Asia      gdpPercap     7902.
 8 Asia      lifeExp         60.1
 9 Asia      pop       77038722.
10 Europe    gdpPercap    14469.
11 Europe    lifeExp         71.9
12 Europe    pop       17169765.
13 Oceania   gdpPercap    18622.
14 Oceania   lifeExp         74.3
15 Oceania   pop        8874672.

spread() で縦長から中間形式へ

It is always good to check work. So, let’s use the second pivot function, pivot_wider(), to ‘widen’ our observation variables back out. pivot_wider() is the opposite of pivot_longer(), making a dataset wider by increasing the number of columns and decreasing the number of rows. We can use pivot_wider() to pivot or reshape our gap_long to the original intermediate format or the widest format. Let’s start with the intermediate format.

The pivot_wider() function takes names_from and values_from arguments.

To names_from we supply the column name whose contents will be pivoted into new output columns in the widened data frame. The corresponding values will be added from the column named in the values_from argument.

R

gap_normal <- gap_long %>%
  pivot_wider(names_from = obs_type, values_from = obs_values)
dim(gap_normal)

出力

[1] 1704    6

R

dim(gapminder)

出力

[1] 1704    6

R

names(gap_normal)

出力

[1] "continent" "country"   "year"      "gdpPercap" "lifeExp"   "pop"

R

names(gapminder)

出力

[1] "country"   "year"      "pop"       "continent" "lifeExp"   "gdpPercap"

元々の gapminder と同じ次元を持つ、中間形式のデータフレーム gap_normal ができましたが、変数の順番が違います。このふたつが、 all.equal() かを調べる前に、これを直しましょう。

R

gap_normal <- gap_normal[, names(gapminder)]
all.equal(gap_normal, gapminder)

出力

[1] "Attributes: < Component \"class\": Lengths (3, 1) differ (string compare on first 1) >"
[2] "Attributes: < Component \"class\": 1 string mismatch >"
[3] "Component \"country\": 1704 string mismatches"
[4] "Component \"pop\": Mean relative difference: 1.634504"
[5] "Component \"continent\": 1212 string mismatches"
[6] "Component \"lifeExp\": Mean relative difference: 0.203822"
[7] "Component \"gdpPercap\": Mean relative difference: 1.162302"

R

head(gap_normal)

出力

# A tibble: 6 × 6
  country  year      pop continent lifeExp gdpPercap
  <chr>   <int>    <dbl> <chr>       <dbl>     <dbl>
1 Algeria  1952  9279525 Africa       43.1     2449.
2 Algeria  1957 10270856 Africa       45.7     3014.
3 Algeria  1962 11000948 Africa       48.3     2551.
4 Algeria  1967 12760499 Africa       51.4     3247.
5 Algeria  1972 14760787 Africa       54.5     4183.
6 Algeria  1977 17152804 Africa       58.0     4910.

R

head(gapminder)

出力

      country year      pop continent lifeExp gdpPercap
1 Afghanistan 1952  8425333      Asia  28.801  779.4453
2 Afghanistan 1957  9240934      Asia  30.332  820.8530
3 Afghanistan 1962 10267083      Asia  31.997  853.1007
4 Afghanistan 1967 11537966      Asia  34.020  836.1971
5 Afghanistan 1972 13079460      Asia  36.088  739.9811
6 Afghanistan 1977 14880372      Asia  38.438  786.1134

もうすぐです。元々のは、 country 、 continent 、そして year でソートされていました。

R

gap_normal <- gap_normal %>% arrange(country, year)
all.equal(gap_normal, gapminder)

出力

[1] "Attributes: < Component \"class\": Lengths (3, 1) differ (string compare on first 1) >"
[2] "Attributes: < Component \"class\": 1 string mismatch >"

That’s great! すばらしい！一番縦に長い形式から、中間形式に戻し、コードにエラーがでることもありませんでした。

Now let’s convert the long all the way back to the wide. In the wide format, we will keep country and continent as ID variables and pivot the observations across the 3 metrics (pop,lifeExp,gdpPercap) and time (year). First we need to create appropriate labels for all our new variables (time*metric combinations) and we also need to unify our ID variables to simplify the process of defining gap_wide.

R

gap_temp <- gap_long %>% unite(var_ID, continent, country, sep = "_")
str(gap_temp)

出力

tibble [5,112 × 4] (S3: tbl_df/tbl/data.frame)
 $ var_ID    : chr [1:5112] "Africa_Algeria" "Africa_Algeria" "Africa_Algeria" "Africa_Algeria" ...
 $ obs_type  : chr [1:5112] "gdpPercap" "gdpPercap" "gdpPercap" "gdpPercap" ...
 $ year      : int [1:5112] 1952 1957 1962 1967 1972 1977 1982 1987 1992 1997 ...
 $ obs_values: num [1:5112] 2449 3014 2551 3247 4183 ...

R

gap_temp <- gap_long %>%
    unite(ID_var, continent, country, sep = "_") %>%
    unite(var_names, obs_type, year, sep = "_")
str(gap_temp)

出力

tibble [5,112 × 3] (S3: tbl_df/tbl/data.frame)
 $ ID_var    : chr [1:5112] "Africa_Algeria" "Africa_Algeria" "Africa_Algeria" "Africa_Algeria" ...
 $ var_names : chr [1:5112] "gdpPercap_1952" "gdpPercap_1957" "gdpPercap_1962" "gdpPercap_1967" ...
 $ obs_values: num [1:5112] 2449 3014 2551 3247 4183 ...

unite() を使い、continentとcountryを組み合わせ、ID 変数をひとつ作り、変数名を定義しました。 spread() でパイプを使う準備が整いました。

R

gap_wide_new <- gap_long %>%
  unite(ID_var, continent, country, sep = "_") %>%
  unite(var_names, obs_type, year, sep = "_") %>%
  pivot_wider(names_from = var_names, values_from = obs_values)
str(gap_wide_new)

出力

tibble [142 × 37] (S3: tbl_df/tbl/data.frame)
 $ ID_var        : chr [1:142] "Africa_Algeria" "Africa_Angola" "Africa_Benin" "Africa_Botswana" ...
 $ gdpPercap_1952: num [1:142] 2449 3521 1063 851 543 ...
 $ gdpPercap_1957: num [1:142] 3014 3828 960 918 617 ...
 $ gdpPercap_1962: num [1:142] 2551 4269 949 984 723 ...
 $ gdpPercap_1967: num [1:142] 3247 5523 1036 1215 795 ...
 $ gdpPercap_1972: num [1:142] 4183 5473 1086 2264 855 ...
 $ gdpPercap_1977: num [1:142] 4910 3009 1029 3215 743 ...
 $ gdpPercap_1982: num [1:142] 5745 2757 1278 4551 807 ...
 $ gdpPercap_1987: num [1:142] 5681 2430 1226 6206 912 ...
 $ gdpPercap_1992: num [1:142] 5023 2628 1191 7954 932 ...
 $ gdpPercap_1997: num [1:142] 4797 2277 1233 8647 946 ...
 $ gdpPercap_2002: num [1:142] 5288 2773 1373 11004 1038 ...
 $ gdpPercap_2007: num [1:142] 6223 4797 1441 12570 1217 ...
 $ lifeExp_1952  : num [1:142] 43.1 30 38.2 47.6 32 ...
 $ lifeExp_1957  : num [1:142] 45.7 32 40.4 49.6 34.9 ...
 $ lifeExp_1962  : num [1:142] 48.3 34 42.6 51.5 37.8 ...
 $ lifeExp_1967  : num [1:142] 51.4 36 44.9 53.3 40.7 ...
 $ lifeExp_1972  : num [1:142] 54.5 37.9 47 56 43.6 ...
 $ lifeExp_1977  : num [1:142] 58 39.5 49.2 59.3 46.1 ...
 $ lifeExp_1982  : num [1:142] 61.4 39.9 50.9 61.5 48.1 ...
 $ lifeExp_1987  : num [1:142] 65.8 39.9 52.3 63.6 49.6 ...
 $ lifeExp_1992  : num [1:142] 67.7 40.6 53.9 62.7 50.3 ...
 $ lifeExp_1997  : num [1:142] 69.2 41 54.8 52.6 50.3 ...
 $ lifeExp_2002  : num [1:142] 71 41 54.4 46.6 50.6 ...
 $ lifeExp_2007  : num [1:142] 72.3 42.7 56.7 50.7 52.3 ...
 $ pop_1952      : num [1:142] 9279525 4232095 1738315 442308 4469979 ...
 $ pop_1957      : num [1:142] 10270856 4561361 1925173 474639 4713416 ...
 $ pop_1962      : num [1:142] 11000948 4826015 2151895 512764 4919632 ...
 $ pop_1967      : num [1:142] 12760499 5247469 2427334 553541 5127935 ...
 $ pop_1972      : num [1:142] 14760787 5894858 2761407 619351 5433886 ...
 $ pop_1977      : num [1:142] 17152804 6162675 3168267 781472 5889574 ...
 $ pop_1982      : num [1:142] 20033753 7016384 3641603 970347 6634596 ...
 $ pop_1987      : num [1:142] 23254956 7874230 4243788 1151184 7586551 ...
 $ pop_1992      : num [1:142] 26298373 8735988 4981671 1342614 8878303 ...
 $ pop_1997      : num [1:142] 29072015 9875024 6066080 1536536 10352843 ...
 $ pop_2002      : num [1:142] 31287142 10866106 7026113 1630347 12251209 ...
 $ pop_2007      : num [1:142] 33333216 12420476 8078314 1639131 14326203 ...

チャレンジ３

この一つ先に進み、 gap_ludicrously_wide を作り、国、年及び３つの行列に展開したデータを作りましょう。ヒントこの新しいデータフレームには、５行しかありません。

チャレンジ３の解答

R

gap_ludicrously_wide <- gap_long %>%
   unite(var_names, obs_type, year, country, sep = "_") %>%
   pivot_wider(names_from = var_names, values_from = obs_values)

今、とても ‘横長な’ 形式のデータフレームがありますが、 ID_var は、より使えるようにできるはずです。 separate() を使って、２変数に分けてみましょう。

R

gap_wide_betterID <- separate(gap_wide_new, ID_var, c("continent", "country"), sep="_")
gap_wide_betterID <- gap_long %>%
    unite(ID_var, continent, country, sep = "_") %>%
    unite(var_names, obs_type, year, sep = "_") %>%
    pivot_wider(names_from = var_names, values_from = obs_values) %>%
    separate(ID_var, c("continent","country"), sep = "_")
str(gap_wide_betterID)

出力

tibble [142 × 38] (S3: tbl_df/tbl/data.frame)
 $ continent     : chr [1:142] "Africa" "Africa" "Africa" "Africa" ...
 $ country       : chr [1:142] "Algeria" "Angola" "Benin" "Botswana" ...
 $ gdpPercap_1952: num [1:142] 2449 3521 1063 851 543 ...
 $ gdpPercap_1957: num [1:142] 3014 3828 960 918 617 ...
 $ gdpPercap_1962: num [1:142] 2551 4269 949 984 723 ...
 $ gdpPercap_1967: num [1:142] 3247 5523 1036 1215 795 ...
 $ gdpPercap_1972: num [1:142] 4183 5473 1086 2264 855 ...
 $ gdpPercap_1977: num [1:142] 4910 3009 1029 3215 743 ...
 $ gdpPercap_1982: num [1:142] 5745 2757 1278 4551 807 ...
 $ gdpPercap_1987: num [1:142] 5681 2430 1226 6206 912 ...
 $ gdpPercap_1992: num [1:142] 5023 2628 1191 7954 932 ...
 $ gdpPercap_1997: num [1:142] 4797 2277 1233 8647 946 ...
 $ gdpPercap_2002: num [1:142] 5288 2773 1373 11004 1038 ...
 $ gdpPercap_2007: num [1:142] 6223 4797 1441 12570 1217 ...
 $ lifeExp_1952  : num [1:142] 43.1 30 38.2 47.6 32 ...
 $ lifeExp_1957  : num [1:142] 45.7 32 40.4 49.6 34.9 ...
 $ lifeExp_1962  : num [1:142] 48.3 34 42.6 51.5 37.8 ...
 $ lifeExp_1967  : num [1:142] 51.4 36 44.9 53.3 40.7 ...
 $ lifeExp_1972  : num [1:142] 54.5 37.9 47 56 43.6 ...
 $ lifeExp_1977  : num [1:142] 58 39.5 49.2 59.3 46.1 ...
 $ lifeExp_1982  : num [1:142] 61.4 39.9 50.9 61.5 48.1 ...
 $ lifeExp_1987  : num [1:142] 65.8 39.9 52.3 63.6 49.6 ...
 $ lifeExp_1992  : num [1:142] 67.7 40.6 53.9 62.7 50.3 ...
 $ lifeExp_1997  : num [1:142] 69.2 41 54.8 52.6 50.3 ...
 $ lifeExp_2002  : num [1:142] 71 41 54.4 46.6 50.6 ...
 $ lifeExp_2007  : num [1:142] 72.3 42.7 56.7 50.7 52.3 ...
 $ pop_1952      : num [1:142] 9279525 4232095 1738315 442308 4469979 ...
 $ pop_1957      : num [1:142] 10270856 4561361 1925173 474639 4713416 ...
 $ pop_1962      : num [1:142] 11000948 4826015 2151895 512764 4919632 ...
 $ pop_1967      : num [1:142] 12760499 5247469 2427334 553541 5127935 ...
 $ pop_1972      : num [1:142] 14760787 5894858 2761407 619351 5433886 ...
 $ pop_1977      : num [1:142] 17152804 6162675 3168267 781472 5889574 ...
 $ pop_1982      : num [1:142] 20033753 7016384 3641603 970347 6634596 ...
 $ pop_1987      : num [1:142] 23254956 7874230 4243788 1151184 7586551 ...
 $ pop_1992      : num [1:142] 26298373 8735988 4981671 1342614 8878303 ...
 $ pop_1997      : num [1:142] 29072015 9875024 6066080 1536536 10352843 ...
 $ pop_2002      : num [1:142] 31287142 10866106 7026113 1630347 12251209 ...
 $ pop_2007      : num [1:142] 33333216 12420476 8078314 1639131 14326203 ...

R

all.equal(gap_wide, gap_wide_betterID)

出力

[1] "Attributes: < Component \"class\": Lengths (1, 3) differ (string compare on first 1) >"
[2] "Attributes: < Component \"class\": 1 string mismatch >"

そこにまた戻りました！

その他役に立つ資料

R for Data Science (online book)
Data Wrangling Cheat sheet (pdf file)
Introduction to tidyr (online documentation)
Data wrangling with R and RStudio (online video)

まとめ

Use the tidyr package to change the layout of data frames.
Use pivot_longer() to go from wide to longer layout.
Use pivot_wider() to go from long to wider layout.